Christopheru

The starting point remains which ownership rules apply to foreign buyers. A number of countries allow freehold ownership of apartments while restricting land; others ask for a locally registered company or a long-term lease instead.

Closing costs hit at the very beginning. From one market to another, they may cover stamp duty, notary fees, registration fees, lawyer's fees and the agent's commission.

Putting your name to untranslated contracts ranks close behind. A sworn translation is inexpensive next to what is at stake. Promises made in conversation mean nothing when the written text differs — the contract is what counts.

Service charges are often overlooked. An apartment in a complex with a swimming pool, an elevator and round-the-clock security generates recurring costs that run on whether you are there or not.

The starting point remains what foreign buyers are actually allowed to own.

An important distinction divides a residence permit and naturalisation. A residence permit gives you the right to live in the country, generally on a renewable basis, while full nationality generally takes far more time and additional conditions.

A crucial distinction divides the right to reside and a passport. Residency lets you live locally, generally subject to renewal, whereas full nationality normally requires far more time and additional conditions.

Past the headline threshold, such permits impose additional requirements. Common ones cover a clean criminal record, health cover, documented income and a minimum number of days in the country per year.